Sengoloa sena ke karolo ea sehlooho sa lipatlisiso "Tšebeliso ea lithibela-mafu, ho hanyetsa likokoana-hloko le likokoana-hloko tsa liphoofolo tse jang". Sheba lingoloa tsohle tse 13
Li-acid tsa tlhaho li ntse li hlokahala haholo e le lintho tse tlatsetsang lijong tsa liphoofolo. Ho fihlela joale, tlhokomelo e bile holim'a polokeho ea lijo, haholo-holo ho fokotsa ho ata ha likokoana-hloko tse jang lijong likhoho le liphoofolong tse ling. Li-acid tse 'maloa tsa tlhaho li ntse li ithutoa kapa li se li ntse li sebelisoa khoebong. Har'a li-acid tse ngata tsa tlhaho tse ithutiloeng ka botlalo, formic acid ke e 'ngoe ea tsona. Formic acid e eketsoa lijong tsa likhoho ho fokotsa boteng ba Salmonella le likokoana-hloko tse ling tse jang lijong le ka har'a tšilo ea lijo kamora ho e ja. Ha kutloisiso ea katleho le tšusumetso ea formic acid ho moamoheli le likokoana-hloko tse jang lijo e ntse e hola, ho ntse ho hlaka hore boteng ba formic acid bo ka baka litsela tse itseng ho Salmonella. Karabelo ena e ka ba thata haholo ha formic acid e kena tšilong ea lijo 'me e sebelisana eseng feela le Salmonella e seng e ntse e kolonetse tšilo ea lijo empa hape le limela tsa likokoana-hloko tsa mala. Tlhahlobo e tla hlahloba liphetho tsa hajoale le litebello tsa lipatlisiso tse ling mabapi le microbiome ea likhoho le lijo tse phekoloang ka formic acid.
Tlhahisong ea liphoofolo le ea likhoho, phephetso ke ho nts'etsapele maano a taolo a ntlafatsang kholo le tlhahiso ha a ntse a fokotsa likotsi tsa polokeho ea lijo. Histori, tsamaiso ea lithibela-mafu maemong a ka tlas'a phekolo e ntlafalitse bophelo bo botle ba liphoofolo, boiketlo le tlhahiso (1-3). Ho ea ka pono ea mokhoa oa ts'ebetso, ho 'nile ha sisinngoa hore lithibela-mafu tse fanoang ka maemo a thibelo ea mafu li buella likarabo tsa moamoheli ka ho fetola limela tsa mala (GI) 'me, ka lehlakoreng le leng, likamano tsa tsona le moamoheli (3). Leha ho le joalo, matšoenyeho a tsoelang pele mabapi le ho ata ha likokoana-hloko tse bakoang ke lijo tse hanyetsanang le lithibela-mafu le kamano ea tsona le tšoaetso e hanyetsanang le lithibela-mafu bathong a lebisitse ho tloheleng butle-butle ha tšebeliso ea lithibela-mafu liphoofolong tsa lijo (4-8). Ka hona, nts'etsopele ea li-additives tsa lijo le li-improvers tse fihlelang bonyane tse ling tsa litlhoko tsena (bophelo bo botle ba liphoofolo bo ntlafetseng, boiketlo le tlhahiso) e bohlokoa haholo ho tsoa ponong ea lipatlisiso tsa thuto le nts'etsopele ea khoebo (5, 9). Mefuta e fapaneng ea li-additives tsa khoebo e kene 'marakeng oa lijo tsa liphoofolo, ho kenyeletsoa li-probiotics, li-prebiotics, oli ea bohlokoa le metsoako e amanang le eona ho tsoa mehloling e fapaneng ea limela, le lik'hemik'hale tse kang aldehydes (10-14). Dijo tse ding tse sebediswang kgwebong tsa dijo tsa dikgoho di kenyeletsa bacteriophages, zinc oxide, dienzyme tse tswang kantle, dihlahiswa tse qothisanang lehlokoa, le metswako ya asiti (15, 16).
Har'a metsoako e teng ea phepo ea lik'hemik'hale, li-aldehyde le li-acid tsa organic li 'nile tsa e-ba metsoako e ithutoang haholo le e sebelisoang haholo (12, 17-21). Li-acid tsa organic, haholo-holo li-fatty acid tse khutšoane (SCFAs), ke li-anti tse tsebahalang tsa libaktheria tse bakang mafu. Li-acid tsena tsa organic li sebelisoa e le litlatsetso tsa phepo eseng feela ho fokotsa boteng ba likokoana-hloko ka har'a matrix ea lijo empa hape le ho etsa litlamorao tse mafolofolo mosebetsing oa tšilo ea lijo (17, 20-24). Ho phaella moo, li-SCFA li hlahisoa ke ho belisoa ke limela tsa mala ka har'a tšilo ea lijo 'me ho nahanoa hore li bapala karolo ea botekgeniki bokhoning ba li-probiotic tse ling le li-prebiotic ho loantša likokoana-hloko tse jeoang ka har'a tšilo ea lijo (21, 23, 25).
Ho theosa le dilemo, di-fatty acid tse fapaneng tsa ketane e kgutshwane (SCFAs) di hohetse tlhokomelo e kgolo e le di-additives tsa dijo. Haholo-holo, propionate, butyrate, le forate e bile taba ya dithuto tse ngata le ditshebediso tsa kgwebo (17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26). Le hoja dithuto tsa pele di ne di shebane le taolo ya dikokwana-hloko tse jang dijong tsa diphoofolo le dikgoho, dithuto tsa moraorao di fetotse tlhokomelo ya tsona ntlafatsong e akaretsang ya tshebetso ya diphoofolo le bophelo bo botle ba mala (20, 21, 24). Acetate, propionate, le butyrate di hohetse tlhokomelo e kgolo e le di-additives tsa phepo ya asiti ya organic, tseo hara tsona formic acid e leng mokhethoa ya tshepisang (21, 23). Tlhokomelo e kgolo e lebisitswe dikarolong tsa polokeho ya dijo tsa formic acid, haholo-holo phokotso ya ho ata ha dikokwana-hloko tse jang dijong tsa diphoofolo. Leha ho le jwalo, ho nahannwe ka ditshebediso tse ding tse ka bang teng. Sepheo se seholo sa tlhahlobo ena ke ho hlahloba nalane le boemo ba hajwale ba formic acid e le mohlodi wa dijo tsa diphoofolo (Setshwantsho sa 1). Thutong ena, re tla hlahloba mokgwa wa antibacterial wa formic acid. Ho phaella moo, re tla shebisisa ka hloko ditlamorao tsa yona ho diphoofolo tse ruuwang le dikgoho mme re buisane ka mekgwa e ka bang teng ya ho ntlafatsa katleho ya yona.
Setšoantšo sa 1. 'Mapa oa kelello oa lihlooho tse akarelitsoeng tlhahlobong ena. Haholo-holo, lipheo tse latelang tse akaretsang li ne li shebane le: ho hlalosa nalane le boemo ba hona joale ba formic acid e le montlafatsi oa lijo tsa liphoofolo, mekhoa ea ho loantša likokoana-hloko ea formic acid le tšusumetso ea tšebeliso ea eona bophelong ba liphoofolo le likhoho, le mekhoa e ka bang teng ea ho ntlafatsa katleho.
Tlhahiso ea lijo tsa liphoofolo le likhoho ke ts'ebetso e rarahaneng e kenyeletsang mehato e mengata, ho kenyeletsoa le ts'ebetso ea 'mele ea lijo-thollo (mohlala, ho sila ho fokotsa boholo ba likaroloana), ts'ebetso ea mocheso bakeng sa ho pella pellet, le ho eketsoa ha limatlafatsi tse ngata lijong ho latela litlhoko tse itseng tsa phepo ea phoofolo (27). Ka lebaka la ho rarahana hona, ha ho makatse hore ebe ts'ebetso ea lijo e pepesetsa lijo-thollo mabaka a fapaneng a tikoloho pele li fihla femeng ea lijo, nakong ea ho sila, 'me hamorao nakong ea lipalangoang le ho fepa ka lijo tse kopantsoeng (9, 21, 28). Kahoo, ho theosa le lilemo, sehlopha se fapaneng haholo sa likokoana-hloko se 'nile sa fumanoa lijong, ho kenyeletsoa eseng feela libaktheria empa hape le li-bacteriophages, li-fungus le tomoso (9, 21, 28–31). Tse ling tsa litšila tsena, joalo ka li-fungus tse itseng, li ka hlahisa li-mycotoxin tse behang bophelo bo botle ba liphoofolo kotsing (32–35).
Palo ea libaktheria e ka fapana haholo 'me ea itšetleha ka mokhoa o itseng ka mekhoa e sebelisoang bakeng sa ho arola le ho khetholla likokoana-hloko hammoho le mohloli oa sampole. Mohlala, boemo ba sebopeho sa likokoana-hloko bo ka fapana pele ho phekolo ea mocheso e amanang le ho pelletsoa ha pellet (36). Le hoja mekhoa ea setso sa khale le ho betla lipoleiti e fane ka tlhahisoleseling e itseng, ts'ebeliso ea morao tjena ea mokhoa oa 16S rRNA gene-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) e fane ka tlhahlobo e felletseng haholoanyane ea sechaba sa furage microbiome (9). Ha Solanki et al. (37) ba hlahloba microbiome ea baktheria ea lithollo tsa koro tse bolokiloeng ka nako e itseng boteng ba phosphine, e leng sebolaea likokoanyana, ba fumane hore microbiome e ne e fapane haholo kamora kotulo le kamora likhoeli tse 3 tsa polokelo. Ho feta moo, Solanki et al. (37) (37) ba bontšitse hore Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, le Planctomyces e ne e le tsona tse atileng haholo lithollong tsa koro, Bacillus, Erwinia, le Pseudomonas e ne e le tsona tse atileng haholo, 'me Enterobacteriaceae e ne e le karolo e nyane. Ho latela papiso ea taxonomic, ba fihletse qeto ea hore phosphine fumigation e fetotse baahi ba libaktheria haholo empa ha ea ka ea ama mefuta-futa ea li-fungus.
Solanki le ba bang (37) ba bontšitse hore mehloli ea lijo e ka boela ea ba le likokoana-hloko tse jang tse ka bakang mathata a bophelo bo botle ba sechaba ho latela ho fumanoa ha Enterobacteriaceae ka har'a microbiome. Likokoanyana tse jang tse kang Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157:H7, le Listeria monocytogenes li 'nile tsa amahanngoa le lijo tsa liphoofolo le silage (9, 31, 38). Ho phehella ha likokoana-hloko tse ling tse jang lijong tsa liphoofolo le likhoho ha ho tsejoe hajoale. Ge le ba bang (39) ba hlahlobile metsoako e fetang 200 ea lijo tsa liphoofolo le Salmonella, E. coli, le Enterococci e arohaneng, empa ha baa ka ba fumana E. coli O157:H7 kapa Campylobacter. Leha ho le joalo, matrices a kang lijo tse omileng a ka sebetsa e le mohloli oa E. coli e bakang mafu. Ha ba ntse ba latela mohloli oa ho qhoma ha serogroups ea Shiga toxin e hlahisang chefo ea Escherichia coli (STEC) O121 le O26 e amanang le lefu la batho ka 2016, Crowe et al. (40) ba sebelisitse tatellano ea genome eohle ho bapisa li-isolates tsa kliniki le li-isolates tse fumanoeng lihlahisoa tsa lijo. Ho latela papiso ena, ba fihletse qeto ea hore mohloli o ka bang teng e ne e le phofo ea koro e tala e mongobo o tlase e tsoang liindastering tsa phofo. Mongobo o tlase oa phofo ea koro o bontša hore STEC e ka boela ea phela lijong tsa liphoofolo tse mongobo o tlase. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha Crowe et al. (40) ba hlokomela, ho aroloa ha STEC ho tsoa lisampoleng tsa phofo ho thata 'me ho hloka mekhoa ea karohano ea immunomagnetic ho khutlisa palo e lekaneng ea lisele tsa baktheria. Mekhoa e tšoanang ea ho hlahloba e ka boela ea thatafatsa ho fumanoa le ho aroloa ha likokoana-hloko tse sa tloaelehang tse jang lijong tsa liphoofolo. Bothata ba ho lemoha bo ka boela ba bakoa ke ho tšoarella ha likokoana-hloko tsena nako e telele li-matrices tse mongobo o tlase. Forghani et al. (41) ba bontšitse hore phofo ea koro e bolokiloeng mochesong oa kamore 'me e kentsoe ka motsoako oa li-serogroup tsa enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O45, O121, le O145 le Salmonella (S. Typhimurium, S. Agona, S. Enteritidis, le S. Anatum) e ne e ka lekanngoa matsatsing a 84 le 112 'me e ntse e ka bonoa libekeng tse 24 le 52.
Ho ea ka histori, Campylobacter ha e e-so ka e aroloa lijong tsa liphoofolo le tsa likhoho ka mekhoa ea setso ea temo (38, 39), leha Campylobacter e ka aroloa habonolo lijong tsa likhoho le lihlahisoa tsa likhoho (42, 43). Leha ho le joalo, lijo li ntse li na le melemo ea tsona e le mohloli o ka bang teng. Mohlala, Alves et al. (44) ba bontšitse hore ho entoa ha lijo tsa khoho tse nontšitsoeng ka C. jejuni le ho bolokoa ha lijo ka mocheso o fapaneng ka matsatsi a 3 kapa a 5 ho ile ha fella ka ho hlaphoheloa ha C. jejuni e phelang 'me, maemong a mang, esita le ho ata ha tsona. Ba fihletse qeto ea hore C. jejuni e ka phela lijong tsa likhoho 'me, ka hona, e ka ba mohloli o ka bang teng oa tšoaetso bakeng sa likhoho.
Tšilafalo ea Salmonella ea lijo tsa liphoofolo le likhoho e 'nile ea hapa tlhokomelo e kholo nakong e fetileng 'me e ntse e le sepheo sa boiteko bo tsoelang pele ba ho nts'etsapele mekhoa ea ho lemoha e sebetsang ka ho khetheha lijong le ho fumana mehato e sebetsang haholoanyane ea taolo (12, 26, 30, 45–53). Ho theosa le lilemo, lithuto tse ngata li hlahlobile ho aroloa le ho hlalosoa ha Salmonella libakeng tse fapaneng tsa lijo le lifekthering tsa lijo (38, 39, 54–61). Ka kakaretso, lithuto tsena li bontša hore Salmonella e ka aroloa ho tsoa mefuteng e fapaneng ea lijo, mehloli ea lijo, mefuta ea lijo le ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea lijo. Sekhahla sa ho ata le li-serotype tse kholo tsa Salmonella tse arotsoeng le tsona li ne li fapana. Mohlala, Li et al. (57) ba tiisitse boteng ba Salmonella spp. E fumanoe ho 12.5% ​​​​ea lisampole tse 2058 tse bokelletsoeng lijong tse felletseng tsa liphoofolo, metsoako ea lijo, lijo tsa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng, lijo tse monate tsa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng le li-supplement tsa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng nakong ea pokello ea data ea 2002 ho isa ho 2009. Ho phaella moo, di-serotype tse atileng haholo tse fumanweng ho 12.5% ​​​​ya disampole tsa Salmonella tse ileng tsa fumanwa di na le tšoaetso e ne e le S. Senftenberg le S. Montevideo (57). Phuputsong ya dijo tse seng di loketse ho jewa le dihlahiswa tse setseng tsa dijo tsa diphoofolo Texas, Hsieh le ba bang (58) ba tlalehile hore ho ata ho hoholo ha Salmonella ho ne ho le dijong tsa tlhapi, ho latelwa ke diprotheine tsa diphoofolo, moo S. Mbanka le S. Montevideo e leng di-serotype tse atileng haholo. Difepi tsa dijo le tsona di hlahisa dintlha tse mmalwa tse ka bang teng tsa tshilafatso ya dijo nakong ya ho kopanya le ho eketsa metswako (9, 56, 61). Magossi le ba bang (61) ba ile ba kgona ho bontsha hore dintlha tse ngata tsa tshilafatso di ka hlaha nakong ya tlhahiso ya dijo United States. Ha e le hantle, Magossi le ba bang (61) ba fumane bonyane setso se le seng se setle sa Salmonella difeping tse 11 (kakaretso ya dibaka tse 12 tsa ho nka disampole) dinaheng tse robedi United States. Ka lebaka la monyetla oa ho silafatsoa ke Salmonella nakong ea ho sebetsana le lijo, ho li tsamaisa le ho li fepa letsatsi le letsatsi, ha ho makatse hore ebe ho etsoa boiteko bo boholo ba ho nts'etsapele li-additives tsa lijo tse ka fokotsang le ho boloka maemo a tlase a tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko ho pholletsa le potoloho ea tlhahiso ea liphoofolo.
Ha ho tsejoe hakaalo ka mokhoa oo Salmonella e arabelang ka oona ho formic acid. Leha ho le jwalo, Huang le ba bang (62) ba bontshitse hore formic acid e teng ka maleng a manyane a diphoofolo tse anyesang le hore Salmonella spp. e kgona ho hlahisa formic acid. Huang le ba bang (62) ba sebedisitse letoto la diphetoho tse tloswang tsa ditsela tsa bohlokwa ho lemoha tlhahiso ya dijini tsa Salmonella virulence mme ba fumane hore formate e ka sebetsa e le letshwao le hasanngwang ho susumetsa Salmonella ho hlasela disele tsa epithelial tsa Hep-2. Haufinyane tjena, Liu le ba bang (63) ba hlwaile transporter ya formate, FocA, ho tswa ho Salmonella typhimurium e sebetsang e le kanale e ikgethang ya formate ho pH 7.0 empa e ka boela ya sebetsa e le kanale e sa sebetseng ya ho romela kantle ho pH e phahameng ya kantle kapa e le kanale ya bobedi e sebetsang ya formate/hydrogen ion ho pH e tlase. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso ena e entswe ho serotype e le nngwe feela ya S. Typhimurium. Potso e ntse e le hore na di-serotype tsohle di arabela ho formic acid ka mekgwa e tshwanang. Ena e ntse e le potso ya bohlokwa ya dipatlisiso e lokelang ho rarollwa dithutong tse tlang. Ho sa tsotelehe liphetho, ho ntse ho le bohlale ho sebelisa li-serotype tse ngata tsa Salmonella kapa esita le mefuta e mengata ea serotype ka 'ngoe litekong tsa tlhahlobo ha ho etsoa likhothaletso tse akaretsang tsa tšebeliso ea li-supplement tsa asiti ho fokotsa maemo a Salmonella lijong. Mekhoa e mecha, joalo ka tšebeliso ea li-barcoding tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso ho ngola mefuta ho khetholla lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa serotype e tšoanang (9, 64), e fana ka monyetla oa ho lemoha liphapang tse fokolang tse ka amang liqeto le tlhaloso ea liphapang.
Sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale le mokhoa oa ho arohana ha sebopeho le tsona li ka ba tsa bohlokoa. Letotong la lithuto, Beyer et al. (65–67) ba bontšitse hore thibelo ea Enterococcus faecium, Campylobacter jejuni, le Campylobacter coli e ne e amana le bongata ba formic acid e arohaneng 'me e ne e sa itšetlehe ka pH kapa formic acid e sa arohaneng. Sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale sa formate seo libaktheria li pepesehetseng ho sona le sona se bonahala se le bohlokoa. Kovanda et al. (68) ba hlahlobile likokoana-hloko tse 'maloa tsa Gram-negative le Gram-positive' me ba bapisa likhakanyo tse fokolang tsa thibelo (MICs) tsa sodium formate (500–25,000 mg/L) le motsoako oa sodium formate le free formate (40/60 m/v; 10–10,000 mg/L). Ho latela boleng ba MIC, ba fumane hore sodium formate e ne e thibela Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus suis, le Streptococcus pneumoniae feela, empa eseng khahlanong le Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, kapa Enterococcus faecalis. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, motsoako oa sodium formate le free sodium formate o ne o thibela khahlanong le lintho tse phelang tsohle, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore bangoli ba fihlele qeto ea hore free formic acid e na le boholo ba thepa ea antimicrobial. Ho ka ba monate ho hlahloba likarolelano tse fapaneng tsa mefuta ena e 'meli ea lik'hemik'hale ho fumana hore na mefuta ea boleng ba MIC e amana le boemo ba formic acid bo teng foromong e tsoakiloeng le karabelo ho 100% formic acid.
Gomez-Garcia le ba bang (69) ba lekile metswako ya oli tsa bohlokwa le di-acid tsa tlhaho (tse kang formic acid) kgahlanong le di-isolate tse ngata tsa Escherichia coli, Salmonella, le Clostridium perfringens tse fumanweng dikolobeng. Ba lekile katleho ya di-acid tse tsheletseng tsa tlhaho, ho kenyeletswa formic acid, le di-oli tse tsheletseng tsa bohlokwa kgahlanong le di-isolate tsa dikolobe, ba sebedisa formaldehyde e le taolo e ntle. Gomez-García le ba bang (69) ba fumane MIC50, MBC50, le MIC50/MBC50 ya formic acid kgahlanong le Escherichia coli (600 le 2400 ppm, 4), Salmonella (600 le 2400 ppm, 4), le Clostridium perfringens (1200 le 2400 ppm, 2), tseo ho tsona formic acid e fumanweng e sebetsa ho feta di-acid tsohle tsa tlhaho kgahlanong le E. coli le Salmonella. (69) Asiti e nang le formic e sebetsa hantle khahlanong le Escherichia coli le Salmonella ka lebaka la boholo ba eona bo bonyenyane ba limolek'hule le ketane e telele (70).
Beyer le ba bang ba hlahlobile mefuta ea Campylobacter e arohileng likolobeng (66) le mefuta ea Campylobacter jejuni e arohileng likhoho (67) 'me ba bontšitse hore formic acid e arohana ka bongata bo lumellanang le likarabo tsa MIC tse lekantsoeng bakeng sa li-acid tse ling tsa organic. Leha ho le joalo, matla a amanang a li-acid tsena, ho kenyeletsoa le formic acid, a 'nile a belaelloa hobane Campylobacter e ka sebelisa li-acid tsena e le li-substrate (66, 67). Tšebeliso ea asiti ea C. jejuni ha e makatse hobane e bontšitsoe e na le metabolism e seng ea glycolytic. Kahoo, C. jejuni e na le bokhoni bo fokolang ba catabolism ea lik'habohaedreite 'me e itšetlehile ka gluconeogenesis ho tsoa ho li-amino acid le li-acid tsa organic bakeng sa boholo ba metabolism ea eona ea matla le ts'ebetso ea biosynthetic (71, 72). Phuputso ea pele ea Line le ba bang (73) e sebelisitse sehlopha sa phenotypic se nang le mehloli ea carbon e 190 'me e bontšitse hore C. jejuni 11168(GS) e ka sebelisa li-acid tsa organic e le mehloli ea carbon, eo boholo ba eona e leng lipakeng tsa potoloho ea tricarboxylic acid. Lithuto tse ling tsa Wagli le ba bang. (74) ho sebelisa sehlopha sa tšebeliso ea khabone ea phenotypic ho bontšitse hore mefuta ea C. jejuni le E. coli e hlahlobiloeng thutong ea bona e khona ho hola holim'a li-acid tsa organic e le mohloli oa khabone. Formate ke mofani e moholo oa lielektrone bakeng sa metabolism ea matla a phefumoloho ea C. jejuni, ka hona, mohloli o moholo oa matla bakeng sa C. jejuni (71, 75). C. jejuni e khona ho sebelisa formate e le mofani oa haedrojene ka mokhoa o kopantsoeng le lera oa formate dehydrogenase o kopanyang formate ho carbon dioxide, liprothone le lielektrone 'me e sebetsa e le mofani oa lielektrone bakeng sa phefumoloho (72).
Asiti ea formic e na le nalane e telele ea tšebeliso e le mohlohlelletsi oa phepo ea likokoana-hloko, empa likokoanyana tse ling li ka boela tsa hlahisa asiti ea formic bakeng sa tšebeliso e le k'hemik'hale ea tšireletso ea likokoana-hloko. Rossini le ba bang (76) ba ile ba fana ka maikutlo a hore asiti ea formic e ka ba karolo ea lero la asiti la bohloa le hlalositsoeng ke Ray (77) hoo e ka bang lilemo tse 350 tse fetileng. Ho tloha ka nako eo, kutloisiso ea rona ea tlhahiso ea asiti ea formic ho bohloa le likokoanyana tse ling e eketsehile haholo, 'me joale ho tsejoa hore ts'ebetso ena ke karolo ea sistimi e rarahaneng ea tšireletso ea chefo ho likokoanyana (78). Lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa likokoanyana, ho kenyeletsoa linotši tse se nang hlaba, bohloa bo nang le lintlha (Hymenoptera: Apidae), bo-maleshoane ba fatše (Galerita lecontei le G. janus), bohloa bo se nang hlaba (Formicinae), le li-larvae tse ling tsa tšoele (Lepidoptera: Myrmecophaga), li tsejoa li hlahisa asiti ea formic e le k'hemik'hale ea tšireletso (76, 78–82).
Mohlomong bohloa ke bona bo khetholloang hantle hobane bo na le li-acidcyte, masoba a khethehileng a li lumellang ho fafatsa chefo e entsoeng haholo-holo ka formic acid (82). Bohloa bo sebelisa serine e le selelekela 'me bo boloka bongata ba formate litšoeleseng tsa bona tsa chefo, tse koahetsoeng ka ho lekaneng ho sireletsa bohloa ba moamoheli ho tsoa chefong ea cytotoxicity ea formate ho fihlela e fafatsoa (78, 83). Asiti ea formic eo ba e ntšang e ka (1) sebetsa e le pheromone ea alamo ho hohela bohloa bo bong; (2) e be k'hemik'hale e sireletsang khahlanong le bahlolisani le liphoofolo tse jang tse ling; le (3) e sebetsa e le moemeli oa antifungal le antibacterial ha e kopantsoe le resin e le karolo ea thepa ea sehlaha (78, 82, 84–88). Asiti ea formic e hlahisoang ke bohloa e na le thepa ea antimicrobial, e leng se bontšang hore e ka sebelisoa e le tlatsetso ea ka ntle. Sena se bontšitsoe ke Bruch et al. (88), ba ileng ba eketsa formic acid ea maiketsetso ho resin mme ba ntlafatsa haholo ts'ebetso ea antifungal. Bopaki bo bong ba katleho ea formic acid le thuso ea eona ea baeloji ke hore li-anteater tse kholo, tse sa khoneng ho hlahisa asiti ea mpa, li ja bohloa bo nang le formic acid ho iphelisa ka formic acid e matla e le asiti e 'ngoe ea tšilo ea lijo (89).
Tšebeliso e sebetsang ea formic acid temong e 'nile ea nahanoa le ho ithutoa ka lilemo tse ngata. Haholo-holo, formic acid e ka sebelisoa e le tlatsetso lijong tsa liphoofolo le silage. Sodium formate ka bobeli e tiileng le e metsi e nkoa e sireletsehile bakeng sa mefuta eohle ea liphoofolo, bareki le tikoloho (90). Ho latela tlhahlobo ea bona (90), khakanyo e phahameng ea 10,000 mg ea formic acid e lekanang/kg ea lijo e ne e nkoa e sireletsehile bakeng sa mefuta eohle ea liphoofolo, ha khakanyo e phahameng ea 12,000 mg ea formic acid e lekanang/kg ea lijo e ne e nkoa e sireletsehile bakeng sa likolobe. Tšebeliso ea formic acid e le ntlafatso ea lijo tsa liphoofolo e 'nile ea ithutoa ka lilemo tse ngata. E nkoa e na le boleng ba khoebo e le sesebelisoa sa ho boloka silage le moemeli oa ho loantša likokoana-hloko lijong tsa liphoofolo le likhoho.
Ditlatsetso tsa dikhemikhale tse kang di-acid esale e le karolo ya bohlokwa tlhahisong ya silage le taolong ya dijo (91, 92). Borreani le ba bang (91) ba hlokometse hore ho fihlella tlhahiso e ntle ya silage ya boleng bo hodimo ho hlokahala ho boloka boleng ba furu ha o ntse o boloka dintho tse ommeng tse ngata kamoo ho ka kgonehang. Sephetho sa ntlafatso e jwalo ke ho fokotsa tahlehelo mehatong yohle ya tshebetso ya ho kenya dijo: ho tloha maemong a pele a aerobic silo ho ya ho bediseng ka mora moo, polokelo le ho bulwa hape ha silo bakeng sa ho fepa. Mekhoa e ikgethang ya ho ntlafatsa tlhahiso ya silage ya tshimo le bediseng ka mora moo ya silage e se e tshohlilwe ka botlalo dibakeng tse ding (91, 93-95) mme e ke ke ya tshohlwa ka botlalo mona. Bothata bo boholo ke ho senyeha ha oxidative ho bakwang ke tomoso le hlobo ha oksijene e le teng silageng (91, 92). Ka hona, diente tsa baeloji le ditlatsetso tsa dikhemikhale di hlahisitswe ho lwantsha ditlamorao tse mpe tsa tshenyo (91, 92). Lintho tse ling tse lokelang ho nahanoa ka li-additives tsa silage li kenyelletsa ho fokotsa ho ata ha likokoana-hloko tse ka bang teng silageng (mohlala, E. coli e bakang pathogenic, Listeria, le Salmonella) hammoho le li-fungus tse hlahisang mycotoxin (96-98).
Mack le ba bang (92) ba arotse metsoako e nang le asiti ka mekhahlelo e 'meli. Li-acid tse kang propionic, acetic, sorbic, le benzoic acid li boloka botsitso ba aerobic ba silage ha li fepuoa liphoofolo tse ruminant ka ho fokotsa kholo ea tomoso le hlobo (92). Mack le ba bang (92) ba arotse formic acid ho li-acid tse ling 'me ba e nka e le acidifier e tobileng e thibelang clostridia le likokoana-hloko tse senyang ha ba ntse ba boloka botšepehi ba protheine ea silage. Ha e le hantle, mefuta ea bona ea letsoai ke mefuta e tloaelehileng ea lik'hemik'hale ho qoba thepa e senyang ea li-acid ka mokhoa o seng letsoai (91). Lihlopha tse ngata tsa lipatlisiso li boetse li ithutile formic acid e le motsoako o nang le asiti bakeng sa silage. Formic acid e tsebahala ka bokhoni ba eona bo potlakileng ba ho etsa asiti le phello ea eona ea thibelo kholong ea likokoana-hloko tse kotsi tsa silage tse fokotsang protheine le lik'habohaedreite tse qhibilihang metsing tsa silage (99). Ka hona, He le ba bang (92) ba bapisitse formic acid le metsoako e nang le asiti ka silage. (100) ba bontšitse hore formic acid e ka thibela Escherichia coli le ho theola pH ea silage. Likokoana-hloko tse hlahisang formic le lactic acid le tsona li ile tsa eketsoa ho silage ho khothaletsa acidification le tlhahiso ea organic acid (101). Ha e le hantle, Cooley le ba bang (101) ba fumane hore ha silage e ne e kenngoa acidic ka 3% (w/v) formic acid, tlhahiso ea lactic acid le formic acid e ne e feta 800 le 1000 mg organic acid/100 g sampole, ka ho latellana. Mack le ba bang (92) ba ile ba hlahloba lingoliloeng tsa lipatlisiso tsa silage adjustment ka botlalo, ho kenyeletsoa le lithuto tse phatlalalitsoeng ho tloha ka 2000 tse shebaneng le le/kapa tse kenyeletsang formic acid le li-acid tse ling. Ka hona, tlhahlobo ena e ke ke ea tšohla lithuto tsa motho ka mong ka botlalo empa e tla akaretsa lintlha tse ling tsa bohlokoa mabapi le katleho ea formic acid e le sehlomathiso sa silage sa lik'hemik'hale. Asiti ea formic e sa buffered le e buffered e 'nile ea ithutoa 'me maemong a mangata Clostridium spp. Mesebetsi ea eona e amanang le eona (k'habohaedreite, protheine, le lactate uptake le butyrate exposure) e atisa ho fokotseha, ha tlhahiso ea ammonia le butyrate e fokotseha 'me ho bolokoa ha lintho tse omileng hoa eketseha (92). Ho na le mefokolo tshebetsong ya formic acid, empa tshebediso ya yona e le sehlomathiso sa silage hammoho le di-acid tse ding e bonahala e hlola tse ding tsa mathata ana (92).
Asiti e ka thibela libaktheria tse bakang pathogenic tse behang bophelo bo botle ba motho kotsing. Mohlala, Pauly le Tam (102) ba ile ba enta li-silo tse nyane tsa laboratori ka L. monocytogenes tse nang le maemo a mararo a fapaneng a dry matter (200, 430, le 540 g/kg) ea ryegrass ebe ba eketsoa ka formic acid (3 ml/kg) kapa lactic acid bacteria (8 × 105/g) le li-enzyme tsa cellulolytic. Ba tlalehile hore mekhoa ena ka bobeli ea phekolo e fokolitse L. monocytogenes ho ea maemong a sa bonahaleng ho low dry matter silage (200 g/kg). Leha ho le joalo, ho mid-dry matter silage (430 g/kg), L. monocytogenes e ne e ntse e ka bonoa ka mor'a matsatsi a 30 ho formic acid-treated silage. Phokotso ea L. monocytogenes e bonahala e amahanngoa le pH e tlase, lactic acid, le li-acid tse kopaneng tse sa arohaneng. Mohlala, Pauly le Tam (102) ba hlokometse hore asiti ea lactic le maemo a asiti a sa arohaneng a kopaneng a ne a le bohlokoa haholo, e leng se ka bang lebaka leo ka lona ho sa kang ha bonoa phokotso ea L. monocytogenes mecheng e phekoloang ka formic acid ho tsoa ho li-silage tse nang le litaba tse ngata tse omileng. Lithuto tse tšoanang li lokela ho etsoa nakong e tlang bakeng sa likokoana-hloko tse ling tse tloaelehileng tsa silage tse kang Salmonella le pathogenic E. coli. Tlhahlobo e felletseng ea tatellano ea 16S rDNA ea sechaba sohle sa silage microbial e ka boela ea thusa ho khetholla liphetoho palong eohle ea microbial ea silage e hlahang mekhahlelong e fapaneng ea silage fermentation boteng ba formic acid (103). Ho fumana lintlha tsa microbiome ho ka fana ka tšehetso ea tlhahlobo ho bolela esale pele tsoelo-pele ea silage fermentation le ho nts'etsapele metsoako e metle ea tlatsetso ho boloka boleng bo phahameng ba silage.
Lijong tsa liphoofolo tse thehiloeng lijo-thollong, formic acid e sebelisoa e le moemeli oa likokoana-hloko ho fokotsa maemo a likokoana-hloko likarolong tse fapaneng tsa lijo tse tsoang lijong hammoho le metsoako e itseng ea lijo tse kang lihlahisoa tse tsoang liphoofolong. Litlamorao ho baahi ba likokoana-hloko likhoho le liphoofolong tse ling li ka aroloa ka bophara ka mekhahlelo e 'meli: litlamorao tse tobileng ho baahi ba likokoana-hloko tsa lijo ka botsona le litlamorao tse sa tobang ho likokoana-hloko tse lulang sebakeng sa mala a liphoofolo ka mor'a ho ja lijo tse phekotsoeng (20, 21, 104). Ho hlakile hore mekhahlelo ena e 'meli ea amana, kaha phokotso ea likokoana-hloko lijong e lokela ho fella ka phokotso ea ho kolone ha phoofolo e ja lijo. Leha ho le joalo, thepa ea likokoana-hloko ea asiti e itseng e ekelitsoeng ho matrix ea lijo e ka susumetsoa ke lintlha tse 'maloa, joalo ka sebopeho sa lijo le sebopeho seo asiti e eketsoang ho sona (21, 105).
Ho ea ka nalane, tšebeliso ea formic acid le li-acid tse ling tse amanang le eona e ne e shebane haholo-holo le taolo e tobileng ea Salmonella lijong tsa liphoofolo le likhoho (21). Liphetho tsa lithuto tsena li akarelitsoe ka botlalo litlhahlobong tse 'maloa tse phatlalalitsoeng ka linako tse fapaneng (18, 21, 26, 47, 104–106), kahoo ke tse ling tsa liphuputso tsa bohlokoa tse tsoang lithutong tsena feela tse tšohloang tlhahlobong ena. Lithuto tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore ts'ebetso ea antimicrobial ea formic acid ho matrices ea lijo e itšetlehile ka tekanyo le nako ea ho pepesehela formic acid, mongobo oa matrix ea lijo, le mahloriso a baktheria lijong le tseleng ea lijo ea phoofolo (19, 21, 107–109). Mofuta oa matrix ea lijo le mohloli oa metsoako ea lijo tsa liphoofolo le tsona ke mabaka a susumetsang. Kahoo, lithuto tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore maemo a Salmonella Chefo ea baktheria e arotsoeng lihlahisoa tse tsoang liphoofolong e ka fapana le e arotsoeng lihlahisoa tse tsoang limela (39, 45, 58, 59, 110–112). Leha ho le jwalo, dipharologanyo karabelong ya di-asidi tse kang formic acid di ka amana le dipharologanyo tsa ho phela ha serovar dijong le mocheso oo dijo di sebetswang ho wona (19, 113, 114). Dipharologanyo karabelong ya serovar kalafong ya asiti le tsona e ka ba lebaka la tshilafatso ya dikgoho ka dijo tse silafetseng (113, 115), mme dipharologanyo polelong ya dijini tse kotsi (116) le tsona di ka bapala karolo. Dipharologanyo tsa mamello ya asiti di ka ama ho fumanwa ha Salmonella mecheng ya temo haeba di-asidi tse jewang di sa laolwe ka ho lekaneng (21, 105, 117–122). Sebopeho sa mmele sa dijo (ho ya ka boholo ba dikarolwana) se ka boela sa susumetsa ho fumaneha ha formic acid ka hara tsela ya mala (123).
Maano a ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea antimicrobial ea formic acid e ekelitsoeng lijong le 'ona a bohlokoa. Ho 'nile ha hlahisoa maemo a phahameng a asiti bakeng sa metsoako ea lijo e silafatsang haholo pele ho kopanngoa ha lijo ho fokotsa tšenyo e ka bang teng lisebelisoa tsa feme ea lijo le mathata a ho latsoa ha lijo tsa liphoofolo (105). Jones (51) o fihletse qeto ea hore Salmonella e teng lijong pele ho hloekisoa ka lik'hemik'hale e thata ho e laola ho feta Salmonella ha e kopana le lijo kamora kalafo ea lik'hemik'hale. Kalafo ea mocheso ea lijo nakong ea ts'ebetso femeng ea lijo e 'nile ea hlahisoa e le mokhoa oa ho thibela tšilafalo ea Salmonella ea lijo, empa sena se itšetlehile ka sebopeho sa lijo, boholo ba likaroloana, le lintlha tse ling tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea ho sila (51). Ts'ebetso ea antimicrobial ea li-acid le eona e itšetlehile ka mocheso, 'me mocheso o phahameng ha ho na le li-acid tsa organic e ka ba le phello ea ho thibela Salmonella, joalo ka ha ho bonoa litsong tsa metsi tsa Salmonella (124, 125). Lithuto tse 'maloa tsa lijo tse silafalitsoeng ke Salmonella li tšehetsa khopolo ea hore mocheso o phahameng o eketsa katleho ea li-acid matrix ea lijo (106, 113, 126). Amado et al. (127) ba sebelisitse moralo o kopaneng oa mantlha ho ithuta tšebelisano ea mocheso le asiti (formic kapa lactic acid) mefuteng e 10 ea Salmonella enterica le Escherichia coli tse arotsoeng lijong tse fapaneng tsa likhomo 'me tsa kenngoa li-pellets tsa likhomo tse nang le asiti. Ba fihletse qeto ea hore mocheso ke ntlha e ka sehloohong e susumetsang phokotso ea likokoana-hloko, hammoho le asiti le mofuta oa karohano ea libaktheria. Tšusumetso ea tšebelisano-'moho le asiti e ntse e le teng, kahoo mocheso o tlase le mahloriso a asiti li ka sebelisoa. Leha ho le joalo, ba boetse ba hlokometse hore litlamorao tsa tšebelisano-'moho li ne li sa bonoe kamehla ha ho sebelisoa formic acid, e leng se ba lebisang ho belaelleng hore ho feto-fetoha ha formic acid mochesong o phahameng kapa litlamorao tsa buffering tsa likarolo tsa matrix ea lijo e ne e le ntlha.
Ho fokotsa nako eo lijo li tla bolokoa ka eona pele li fepa liphoofolo ke tsela e 'ngoe ea ho laola ho kenngoa ha likokoana-hloko tse jang lijong 'meleng oa phoofolo nakong ea ho li fepa. Leha ho le joalo, hang ha asiti e ka har'a lijo e kene ka har'a lijo, e ka 'na ea tsoela pele ho sebelisa tšebetso ea eona ea ho loantša likokoana-hloko. Tšebetso ea ho loantša likokoana-hloko ea lintho tse nang le asiti tse tsamaisoang ka ntle ho lijo e ka itšetleha ka mabaka a fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa le ho bokellana ha asiti ea mpa, sebaka se sebetsang sa lijo, pH le oksijene ea lijo, lilemo tsa phoofolo, le sebopeho se amanang le palo ea likokoana-hloko tse jang lijo (e itšetlehileng ka sebaka sa lijo le khōlo ea phoofolo) (21, 24, 128–132). Ho phaella moo, palo ea likokoana-hloko tse sa jeleng lijo tse nang le anaerobic ka har'a lijo (e leng se busang ka har'a lijo tse ka tlase tsa liphoofolo tse nang le mpa ha li ntse li hola) e hlahisa li-acid tse phelang ka mafolofolo ka ho belisoa, e leng se ka bang le phello e hanyetsanang le likokoana-hloko tse kenang ka har'a lijo (17, 19–21).
Boholo ba dipatlisiso tsa pele di ne di shebane le tshebediso ya di-acid tsa organic, ho kenyeletswa le formate, ho fokotsa Salmonella ka hara tšilo ya dijo ya dikgoho, e leng se buisanweng ka botlalo ditlhahlobong tse mmalwa (12, 20, 21). Ha dithuto tsena di nahanisiswa mmoho, ho ka etswa ditemoso tse mmalwa tsa bohlokwa. McHan le Shotts (133) ba tlalehile hore ho fepa formic le propionic acid ho fokoditse maemo a Salmonella Typhimurium ka hara cecum ya dikgoho tse entetsweng baktheria mme ba di lekanya ha di le matsatsi a 7, 14, le 21. Leha ho le jwalo, ha Hume et al. (128) ba ne ba hlahloba propionate e nang le C-14, ba ile ba etsa qeto ya hore propionate e nyane haholo dijong e ka fihla ho cecum. Ho ntse ho tla tsejwa hore na sena le sona ke nnete bakeng sa formic acid. Leha ho le jwalo, haufinyane Bourassa et al. (134) ba tlalehile hore ho fepa formic le propionic acid ho fokolitse maemo a Salmonella Typhimurium ka har'a cecum ea likhoho tse entetsoeng baktheria, tse ileng tsa lekanngoa ha li le lilemo li 7, 14, le 21. (132) ba hlokometse hore ho fepa formic acid ka 4 g/t ho likhoho tsa broiler nakong ea kholo ea libeke tse 6 ho fokolitse khatello ea S. Typhimurium ka har'a cecum ho ea ka tlase ho boemo ba ho lemoha.
Boteng ba formic acid lijong bo ka ba le litlamorao likarolong tse ling tsa tsela ea lijo ea likhoho. Al-Tarazi le Alshavabkeh (134) ba bontšitse hore motsoako oa formic acid le propionic acid o ka fokotsa tšilafalo ea Salmonella pullorum (S. PRlorum) lijalong le cecum. Thompson le Hinton (129) ba hlokometse hore motsoako o fumanehang khoebong oa formic acid le propionic acid o eketsa mahloriso a li-acid ka bobeli lijalong le gizzard 'me o ne o bolaea libaktheria khahlanong le Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 mohlaleng oa in vitro tlas'a maemo a ho holisa a emelang. Khopolo ena e tšehetsoa ke data ea in vivo e tsoang ho Bird et al. (135) ba ekelitse formic acid metsing a nooang a likhoho tsa broiler nakong ea nako ea ho itima lijo e etsisitsoeng pele ho ho romelloa, e tšoanang le eo likhoho tsa broiler tse itimang li fetang ho eona pele li isoa fekthering ea ts'ebetso ea likhoho. Ho eketsoa ha formic acid metsing a nooang ho bakile phokotso palong ea S. Typhimurium lijalong le epididymis, le phokotso ea makhetlo a lijalo tse nang le S. Typhimurium tse ntle, empa eseng palong ea epididymis e ntle (135). Nts'etsopele ea litsamaiso tsa ho fana ka lijo tse ka sireletsang li-acid tsa organic ha li ntse li sebetsa ka mpeng e ka tlase ho ka thusa ho ntlafatsa katleho. Mohlala, microencapsulation ea formic acid le ho eketsoa ha eona lijong ho bontšitsoe ho fokotsa palo ea Salmonella Enteritidis ka har'a cecal (136). Leha ho le joalo, sena se ka fapana ho latela mofuta oa liphoofolo. Mohlala, Walia et al. (137) ha baa ka ba bona phokotso ea Salmonella ka har'a cecum kapa li-lymph node tsa likolobe tse nang le matsatsi a 28 tse fepuoang motsoako oa formic acid, citric acid, le li-capsules tsa oli ea bohlokoa, 'me le hoja ho ntšoa ha Salmonella mantle ho ne ho fokotsehile ka letsatsi la 14, ha hoa ka ha fokotseha ka letsatsi la 28. Ba bontšitse hore phetisetso e otlolohileng ea Salmonella pakeng tsa likolobe e thibetsoe.
Leha lithuto tsa formic acid e le moemeli oa likokoana-hloko ho rueng liphoofolo li shebane haholo le Salmonella e jang lijo, ho boetse ho na le lithuto tse ling tse shebaneng le likokoana-hloko tse ling tsa mala. Lithuto tsa in vitro tse entsoeng ke Kovanda et al. (68) li bontša hore formic acid e ka boela ea sebetsa khahlanong le likokoana-hloko tse ling tse jang lijo tse jang lijo, ho kenyeletsoa Escherichia coli le Campylobacter jejuni. Lithuto tsa pejana li bontšitse hore li-acid tsa organic (mohlala, lactic acid) le metsoako ea khoebo e nang le formic acid e le motsoako li ka fokotsa maemo a Campylobacter likhoho (135, 138). Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe pejana ke Beyer et al. (67), tšebeliso ea formic acid e le moemeli oa likokoana-hloko khahlanong le Campylobacter e ka hloka tlhokomelo. Sephetho sena se thata haholo bakeng sa tlatsetso ea lijo likhoho hobane formic acid ke mohloli o ka sehloohong oa matla a ho hema bakeng sa C. jejuni. Ho feta moo, karolo ea sebaka sa eona sa mala ho nahanoa hore e bakoa ke ho fepa ka metsoako ea metabolism ka lihlahisoa tse tsoakiloeng tsa fermentation ea acid e hlahisoang ke libaktheria tsa mala, joalo ka formate (139). Pono ena e na le motheo o itseng. Hobane formate ke chemoattractant bakeng sa C. jejuni, diphetoho tse pedi tse nang le diphoso ho formate dehydrogenase le hydrogenase di fokoditse sekgahla sa ho kolohana ha cecal ho dikgoho tsa broiler ha di bapiswa le mefuta ya mofuta wa C. jejuni ya tlhaho (140, 141). Ha ho so hlaka hore na tlatsetso ya formic acid ya kantle e ama kolohana ya tšilo ya dijo ke C. jejuni ho dikgoho ho isa boholeng bofe. Maemo a sebele a formate ya dijo a ka ba tlase ka lebaka la ho kolohana ha baktheria e meng ya mala kapa ho monngwa ha formate karolong e ka hodimo ya mala, kahoo mefuta e mmalwa e ka susumetsa sena. Ho phaella moo, formate ke sehlahiswa se ka bang teng sa ho bedisa se hlahiswang ke dibaktheria tse ding tsa mala, tse ka amang maemo ohle a formate ya mala. Palo ya formate ka hara dikahare tsa mala le ho hlwaya dijini tsa formate dehydrogenase ho sebediswa metagenomics ho ka fana ka lesedi hodima dikarolo tse ding tsa tikoloho ya dikokwana-hloko tse hlahisang formate.
Roth le ba bang (142) ba bapisitse ditlamorao tsa ho fepa dikgoho tsa broiler e leng enrofloxacin ya dithibela-mafu kapa motswako wa di-acid tsa formic, acetic, le propionic hodima ho ata ha Escherichia coli e hananang le dithibela-mafu. Di-isolate tsa E. coli tse felletseng le tse hananang le dithibela-mafu di badilwe disampoleng tsa mantle tse kopantsweng ho tswa ho dikgoho tsa broiler tsa letsatsi le le leng le disampoleng tsa dikahare tsa cecal ho tswa ho dikgoho tsa broiler tsa matsatsi a 14 le a 38. Di-isolate tsa E. coli di ile tsa lekoa bakeng sa ho hanyetsa ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, le tetracycline ho ya ka di-breakpoint tse neng di se di hlalositswe pele bakeng sa sethibela-mafu ka seng. Ha palo ya E. coli e amehang e ne e lekanngwa mme e tshwailwe, enrofloxacin kapa tlatsetso ya acid cocktail ha di a ka tsa fetola palo yohle ya E. coli e arotsweng ho tswa ho ceca ya dikgoho tsa broiler tsa matsatsi a 17 le a 28. Linonyana tse fepiloeng lijo tse tlatselitsoeng tsa enrofloxacin li ne li eketsehile ka maemo a E. coli e hananang le ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, le tetracycline le maemo a fokotsehileng a E. coli e hananang le cefotaxime ho ceca. Linonyana tse fepiloeng ka cocktail li ne li fokotsehile ka palo ea E. coli e hananang le ampicillin le tetracycline ho ceca ha ho bapisoa le linonyana tse laoloang le tse tlatselitsoeng ke enrofloxacin. Linonyana tse fepiloeng ka asiti e tsoakiloeng le tsona li bile le phokotso palong ea E. coli e hananang le ciprofloxacin le sulfamethoxazole ho cecum ha ho bapisoa le linonyana tse fepiloeng ke enrofloxacin. Mokhoa oo li-acid li fokotsang palo ea E. coli e hananang le lithibela-mafu ka oona ntle le ho fokotsa palo eohle ea E. coli ha o so hlaka. Leha ho le joalo, liphetho tsa phuputso ea Roth et al. li lumellana le tsa sehlopha sa enrofloxacin. (142) Sena e ka ba sesupo sa ho fokotseha ha ho ata ha liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa ho hanyetsa lithibela-mafu ho E. coli, tse kang li-inhibitor tse amanang le plasmid tse hlalositsoeng ke Cabezon et al. (143). Ho ka ba monate ho etsa tlhahlobo e tebileng haholoanyane ea ho hanyetsa lithibela-mafu ho bakoang ke plasmid ho palo ea likhoho tse jang lijo tse kang formic acid le ho ntlafatsa tlhahlobo ena ka ho hlahloba resistome ea mala.
Ntlafatso ea li-additives tse ntle ka ho fetisisa tsa phepo ea likokoana-hloko khahlanong le likokoana-hloko e lokela ho ba le tšusumetso e fokolang limela tsohle tsa mala, haholo-holo ho likokoana-hloko tseo ho nkoang hore li molemo ho moamoheli. Leha ho le joalo, li-acid tsa tlhaho tse tsamaisoang kantle li ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe ho microbiota ea mala e lulang 'me ka tsela e itseng li felisa thepa ea tsona ea tšireletso khahlanong le likokoana-hloko. Mohlala, Thompson le Hinton (129) ba bone ho fokotseha ha maemo a lactic acid ea lijalo ho likhoho tse behelang li fepuoa motsoako oa li-acid tsa formic le propionic, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore boteng ba li-acid tsena tsa tlhaho tse tsoang kantle lijalong bo bakile phokotso ea lactobacilli ea lijalo. Li-lactobacilli tsa lijalo li nkoa e le tšitiso ho Salmonella, ka hona ho sitisoa ha microbiota ena ea lijalo e lulang ho ka ba kotsi phokotsong e atlehileng ea ho koloneloa ha Salmonella ea tsela ea mala (144). Açıkgöz et al. ba fumane hore litlamorao tse tlase tsa tsela ea mala tsa linonyana li ka ba tlase. (145) Ha ho na liphapang tse fumanoeng limela tsohle tsa mala kapa lipalo tsa Escherichia coli likhohong tsa broiler tsa matsatsi a 42 tse noang metsi a nang le asiti ka formic acid. Bangoli ba fane ka maikutlo a hore sena se ka bakoa ke hore sebopeho sea metabolisoa karolong e ka holimo ea mpa, joalo ka ha ho bonoe ke bafuputsi ba bang ba nang le li-fatty acid tse khutšoane (SCFA) tse fuoang kantle (128, 129).
Ho sireletsa asiti ea formic ka mokhoa o itseng oa ho e kenya ka har'a foromo ho ka thusa ho fihla karolong e ka tlase ea mpa. (146) ho hlokometse hore asiti ea formic e kentsoeng ka har'a foromo e nyane e ekelitse haholo tekanyo ea mafura a khutšoane (SCFA) ka har'a cecum ea likolobe ha e bapisoa le likolobe tse fepuoang formic acid e sa sirelelitsoeng. Sephetho sena se entse hore bangoli ba fane ka maikutlo a hore asiti ea formic e ka fihla karolong e ka tlase ea mpa haeba e sirelelitsoe hantle. Leha ho le joalo, li-parameter tse ling tse 'maloa, tse kang mahloriso a formate le lactate, leha li le holimo ho feta tse likolobeng tse fepuoang lijo tse laoloang, li ne li sa fapane ka lipalo-palo le tse likolobeng tse fepuoang lijo tse sa sirelelitsoeng tsa formate. Le hoja likolobe tse fepuoang formic acid e sa sirelelitsoeng le e sirelelitsoeng li bontšitse keketseho e ka bang makhetlo a mararo ea lactic acid, lipalo tsa lactobacilli ha lia ka tsa fetoloa ke kalafo efe kapa efe. Liphapang li ka bonahala haholoanyane bakeng sa likokoana-hloko tse ling tse hlahisang lactic acid ka har'a cecum (1) tse sa fumanoeng ka mekhoa ena le/kapa (2) tseo ts'ebetso ea tsona ea metabolism e amehang, ka hona li fetola mokhoa oa ho belisa hoo lactobacilli e lulang teng e hlahisang lactic acid e ngata.
Ho ithuta ka nepo liphello tsa li-additives tsa lijo tseleng ea mala ea liphoofolo tsa polasing, ho hlokahala mekhoa ea ho khetholla likokoana-hloko tse nang le qeto e phahameng. Lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng, tatellano ea moloko o latelang (NGS) ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa 16S RNA e sebelisitsoe ho khetholla mefuta e fapaneng ea likokoana-hloko le ho bapisa mefuta e fapaneng ea lichaba tsa likokoana-hloko (147), e leng se faneng ka kutloisiso e betere ea likamano lipakeng tsa li-additives tsa lijo le microbiota ea mala ea liphoofolo tsa lijo tse kang likhoho.
Lithuto tse 'maloa li sebelisitse tatellano ea microbiome ho lekola karabelo ea microbiome ea mala a khoho ho theha tlatsetso. Oakley le ba bang (148) ba entse phuputso ho likhoho tsa broiler tsa matsatsi a 42 tse tlatsitsoeng ka metsoako e fapaneng ea formic acid, propionic acid, le medium-chain fatty acid metsing a tsona a nooang kapa lijong. Likhoho tse entetsoeng li ile tsa phephetsoa ka mofuta oa Salmonella typhimurium o hanyetsanang le nalidixic acid 'me ceca ea tsona e ile ea tlosoa ha li le lilemo li 0, 7, 21, le 42. Lisampole tsa Cecal li ile tsa lokisetsoa li-pyrosequencing tse 454 'me liphetho tsa tatellano li ile tsa hlahlojoa bakeng sa ho hlophisoa le ho bapisoa ho tšoana. Ka kakaretso, mekhoa ea phekolo ha ea ka ea ama haholo maemo a cecal microbiome kapa S. Typhimurium. Leha ho le joalo, sekhahla sa ho lemoha Salmonella ka kakaretso se ile sa fokotseha ha linonyana li ntse li tsofala, joalo ka ha ho netefalitsoe ke tlhahlobo ea taxonomic ea microbiome, 'me bongata ba tatellano ea Salmonella le bona bo ile ba fokotseha ha nako e ntse e ea. Bangoli ba hlokomela hore ha likhoho tsa mofuta ona li ntse li tsofala, mefuta-futa ea likokoana-hloko tsa cecal e ile ea eketseha, 'me liphetoho tse kholo ka ho fetisisa limela tsa mala li bonoa lihlopheng tsohle tsa kalafo. Phuputsong ea morao tjena, Hu et al. (149) ba bapisitse liphello tsa metsi a nooang le ho fepa lijo tse tlatselitsoeng ka motsoako oa li-acid tsa organic (formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, le ammonium formate) le virginiamycin lisampoleng tsa cecal microbiome tse tsoang likhoho tsa broiler tse bokelletsoeng mekhahlelong e 'meli (matsatsi a 1-21 le matsatsi a 22-42). Leha ho bile le phapang e itseng pakeng tsa mefuta-futa ea cecal microbiome har'a lihlopha tsa kalafo ha li le matsatsi a 21, ha ho na phapang pakeng tsa mefuta-futa ea α- kapa β-bacteria e ileng ea fumanoa ha li le matsatsi a 42. Ka lebaka la ho hloka phapang pakeng tsa matsatsi a 42, bangoli ba ile ba nahana hore monyetla oa kholo o ka bakoa ke ho thehoa ha microbiome e fapaneng hantle pele ho nako.
Tlhahlobo ea microbiome e shebaneng feela le sechaba sa likokoana-hloko tsa cecal e kanna ea se bontše moo liphello tse ngata tsa li-acid tsa organic tsa lijo li hlahang teng tsamaisong ea mala. Microbiome ea likhoho tsa broiler e ka 'na ea angoa habonolo ke liphello tsa li-acid tsa organic tsa lijo, joalo ka ha ho bontšitsoe ke liphetho tsa Hume et al. (128). Hume et al. (128) ba bontšitse hore boholo ba li-propionate tse ekelitsoeng ka ntle li ne li monngoa karolong e ka holimo ea mala ea linonyana. Lithuto tsa morao tjena mabapi le tlhaloso ea likokoana-hloko tsa mala le tsona li tšehetsa pono ena. Nava et al. (150) ba bontšitse hore motsoako oa li-acid tsa organic [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], formic acid, le propionic acid (HFP) li amme microbiota ea mala le ho eketsa kolone ea Lactobacillus ka har'a ileum ea likhoho. Haufinyane, Goodarzi Borojeni et al. (150) ba bontšitse hore motsoako oa motsoako oa asiti ea tlhaho [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], formic acid, le propionic acid (HFP) li amme microbiota ea mala 'me tsa eketsa Lactobacillus coloning ka har'a ileum ea likhoho. (151) ba ithutile ho fepa likhoho tsa broiler motsoako oa formic acid le propionic acid ka maemo a mabeli (0.75% le 1.50%) ka matsatsi a 35. Qetellong ea teko, lijalo, mpa, karolo ea bobeli ho tse tharo ea ileum, le cecum li ile tsa tlosoa 'me lisampole tsa nkoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bongata ba limela tse itseng tsa mala le metabolites ho sebelisoa RT-PCR. Moetlong, mahloriso a li-acid tsa tlhaho ha aa ka a ama bongata ba Lactobacillus kapa Bifidobacterium, empa a eketsa palo ea Clostridium. Ka har'a ileum, liphetoho feela e bile ho fokotseha ha Lactobacillus le Enterobacter, athe ka har'a cecum limela tsena li ile tsa lula li sa fetoha (151). Ha ho na le keketseho e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea tlatsetso ea asiti ea manyolo, kakaretso ea asiti ea lactic (D le L) e fokotsehile lijalong, keketseho ea li-acid ka bobeli tsa manyolo e fokotsehile ka har'a leino, 'me keketseho ea li-acid tsa manyolo e ne e le tlase ka har'a cecum. Ho ne ho se na liphetoho ho ileum. Mabapi le li-acid tse mafura tse khutšoane (SCFAs), phetoho feela lijalong le li-gizzard tsa li-acid tsa manyolo tse fepuoang ke linonyana e ne e le boemong ba propionate. Linonyana tse fepuoang ke acid ea manyolo e tlase li bontšitse keketseho e ka bang makhetlo a leshome ea propionate lijalong, athe linonyana tse fepuoang ke maemo a mabeli a asiti ea manyolo li bontšitse keketseho ea li-propionate ka makhetlo a robeli le a leshome le metso e mehlano ka har'a leino, ka ho latellana. Keketseho ea acetate ho ileum e ne e le ka tlase ho makhetlo a mabeli. Ka kakaretso, lintlha tsena li tšehetsa pono ea hore boholo ba litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso ea asiti ea manyolo ea kantle li ne li bonahala ka chai, athe li-acid tsa manyolo li ne li e-na le litlamorao tse fokolang sechabeng sa likokoana-hloko tse tlase tsa mala, tse bontšang hore mekhoa ea ho belisa ea limela tse lulang kaholimo tsa mala e kanna ea fetoloa.
Ho hlakile hore ho hlokahala tlhaloso e tebileng haholoanyane ea microbiome ho hlakisa ka botlalo likarabo tsa likokoana-hloko ho theha ho pholletsa le tsela ea mala. Tlhahlobo e tebileng haholoanyane ea taxonomy ea likokoana-hloko tsa likarolo tse itseng tsa mala, haholo-holo likarolo tse ka holimo tse kang lijalo, e ka fana ka temohisiso e eketsehileng mabapi le khetho ea lihlopha tse itseng tsa likokoana-hloko. Mesebetsi ea tsona ea metabolism le ea enzymatic e ka boela ea fumana hore na li na le kamano e hanyetsanang le likokoana-hloko tse kenang tseleng ea mala. Hape e ka ba ho khahlisang ho etsa tlhahlobo ea metagenomic ho fumana hore na ho pepesehela li-additives tsa lik'hemik'hale tse nang le asiti nakong ea bophelo ba linonyana ho khetha libaktheria tse lulang "tse mamellang asiti" haholoanyane, le hore na boteng le/kapa ts'ebetso ea metabolism ea libaktheria tsena e tla emela tšitiso e eketsehileng ho kolone ea likokoana-hloko.
Asiti ea formic e sebelisitsoe ka lilemo tse ngata e le tlatsetso ea lik'hemik'hale lijong tsa liphoofolo le e le silage acidifier. E 'ngoe ea tšebeliso ea eona e ka sehloohong ke ketso ea eona ea ho loantša likokoana-hloko ho fokotsa palo ea likokoana-hloko lijong le ho kenella ha tsona ka mor'a moo tseleng ea lijo ea linonyana. Lithuto tsa in vitro li bontšitse hore formic acid ke moemeli oa antimicrobial o sebetsang hantle khahlanong le Salmonella le likokoana-hloko tse ling. Leha ho le joalo, tšebeliso ea formic acid ho matrices ea lijo e ka fokotsoa ke bongata bo bongata ba lintho tse phelang metsoakong ea lijo le bokhoni ba tsona ba ho thibela. Formic acid e bonahala e na le phello e hanyetsanang ho Salmonella le likokoana-hloko tse ling ha e jeoa ka lijo kapa metsi a nooang. Leha ho le joalo, khanyetso ena e hlaha haholo-holo karolong e ka holimo ea lijo, kaha mahloriso a formic acid a ka fokotseha karolong e ka tlase ea lijo, joalo ka ha ho le joalo ka propionic acid. Khopolo ea ho sireletsa formic acid ka ho kenngoa ka har'a capsulation e fana ka mokhoa o ka bang teng oa ho fana ka acid e ngata karolong e ka tlase ea lijo. Ho feta moo, lithuto li bontšitse hore motsoako oa li-acid tsa organic o sebetsa hantle ho ntlafatseng ts'ebetso ea likhoho ho feta tsamaiso ea asiti e le 'ngoe (152). Campylobacter e ka hara tšilo ea lijo e ka arabela ka tsela e fapaneng ho formate, kaha e ka sebelisa formate e le mofani oa lielektrone, 'me formate ke mohloli oa eona o ka sehloohong oa matla. Ha ho hlake hore na ho eketsa mahloriso a formate tšilong ea lijo ho ka ba molemo ho Campylobacter, 'me sena se kanna sa se etsahale ho latela limela tse ling tsa tšilo ea lijo tse ka sebelisang formate e le substrate.
Ho hlokahala lithuto tse ling ho batlisisa liphello tsa formic acid ea mala ho likokoana-hloko tse sa tšoaetsanoeng tsa mala tse lulang li le teng. Re khetha ho shebana le likokoana-hloko ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ntle le ho sitisa litho tsa microbiome ea mala tse molemo ho moamoheli. Leha ho le joalo, sena se hloka tlhahlobo e tebileng haholoanyane ea tatellano ea microbiome ea lichaba tsena tsa likokoana-hloko tsa mala tse lulang li le teng. Leha lithuto tse ling li phatlalalitsoe ka cecal microbiome ea linonyana tse phekoloang ka formic acid, tlhokomelo e eketsehileng e hlokahala ho sechaba sa likokoana-hloko tse ka holimo tsa mala. Ho tseba likokoana-hloko le ho bapisa ho tšoana pakeng tsa lichaba tsa likokoana-hloko tsa mala ha ho le teng kapa ho se na formic acid e ka ba tlhaloso e sa fellang. Litlhahlobo tse ling, ho kenyeletsoa metabolomics le metagenomics, lia hlokahala ho hlalosa liphapang tsa ts'ebetso lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse tšoanang ka sebopeho. Tlhaloso e joalo ea bohlokoa ho theha kamano pakeng tsa sechaba sa likokoana-hloko tsa mala le likarabo tsa ts'ebetso ea linonyana ho li-improvers tse thehiloeng ho formic acid. Ho kopanya mekhoa e mengata ea ho hlalosa ts'ebetso ea mala ka nepo ho lokela ho nolofalletsa nts'etsopele ea maano a atlehang a ho eketsa acid ea organic le qetellong ho ntlafatsa likhakanyo tsa bophelo bo botle ba linonyana le ts'ebetso e ntle ha ho ntse ho fokotsa likotsi tsa polokeho ea lijo.
SR o ngotse tlhahlobo ena ka thuso ea DD le KR. Bangoli bohle ba entse menehelo e kholo mosebetsing o hlahisitsoeng tlhahlobong ena.
Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore tlhahlobo ena e fumane chelete ho tsoa ho Anitox Corporation ho qala ho ngola le ho phatlalatsa tlhahlobo ena. Bafani ba lichelete ha baa ka ba ba le tšusumetso maikutlong le liqetong tse hlahisitsoeng sehloohong sena sa tlhahlobo kapa qetong ea ho e phatlalatsa.
Bangoli ba setseng ba bolela hore phuputso e entsoe ntle le likamano tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka bang teng ea lithahasello.
Ngaka DD o rata ho leboha tšehetso e tsoang Sekolong sa Thuto e Phahameng sa Univesithi ea Arkansas ka Mokhatlo o Hlomphehang oa ho Ruta, hammoho le tšehetso e tsoelang pele e tsoang Lenaneong la Thuto ea Lisele le ea Limolek'hule la Univesithi ea Arkansas le Lefapha la Saense ea Lijo. Ho feta moo, bangoli ba rata ho leboha Anitox ka tšehetso ea pele ea ho ngola tlhahlobo ena.
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